Philosophical Reasoning
Plato believed a tripartite soul:
- Rational: logicial
- Spirited: emotional impulse
- Appetitive: physical desires.
Bertrand Russell pioneered analytic philosophy. The beliefs should always be backed up by reasons, aka premises, — a proposition used to justify a conclusion.
The anatomy of arguments:
- Deductive
- Inductive
- Abductive
- Argument by Analogy
- Reductio Ad Absurdum
Deductive soundness: validity + ALL true premises.
It is valued as it is the only argument can give us a real certainty.
Induction: using pass experience to predict the future.
It does not guarantee the truth, but provides a possibility.
Nelson Goodman use Glue to show the contradiction of the induction.
When you eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however impossible, MUST be the truth.
— Sherlock Holmes
This is called Abduction.
Abduction: drawing a conclusion based on the explanation that best explains a state of events, rather than from evidence provided by the premises.
More terms:
Interlocutors: people participating in a dialog, debate, or conversation
Couterargument: an argument presented to oppose or refute another agrument.
Socratic method: learning through a dialectic exchange of ideas.